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CHAPTERⅠ ELECTRON BALLISTICS1

Art．1．Charge and Mass of Elementary Particles2

2．The Elements of the Operation of Electron Tubes6

3．Motion of Charged Particles in Electrostatic Fields in Vacuum8

3a．Uniform Field:Zero Initial Velocity12

3b．Uniform Field;Initial Velocity in the Direction of the Field14

3c．Uniform Field;Any Initial Velocity16

4．Units for Numerical Computations;the Electron Volt17

5．Deflection of the Electron Beam in a Cathode-Ray Tube19

6．Electron Optics25

7．Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetostatic Fields29

7a．Circular Path33

7b．Magnetic Deflection in a Cathode-Ray Tube35

7c．Cyclotron，Betatron，and Synchrotron36

7d．Helical Path40

7e．Magnetic Focusing41

8．Motion of Charged Particles in Concurrent Electrostatic and Magnetostatic Fields42

8a．Motion in Parallel Fields43

8b．Measurement of Particle Velocity43

8c．Secondary-Emission Electron Multiplier44

8d．Magnetron48

Problems54

CHAPTER Ⅱ ELECTRON EMISSION FROM METALS61

Art．1．Structure of Solids61

2．Electron Gas in a Metal62

3．Work Function:Electron Escape from a Metal71

4．Contact Difference of Potential74

5．Thermionic Emission75

6．Measurement of Thermionic Emission80

7．Thermionic Emission from Pure Tungsten85

8．Thermionic Emission from Thoriated Tungsten89

9．Thermionic Emission from Oxide-Coated Cathodes91

10．The Schottky Effect96

11．Field Emission101

12．Secondary Emission103

13．Photoelectric Emission110

Problems122

CHAPTER Ⅲ ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION THROUGH VACUUM，GASES，AND VAPORS124

Art．1．Limitation of Current by Space Charge125

2．Occurrence of Gas in Electronic Devices134

3．Physical Properties of Atoms135

4．Collision Processes in a Gas－Mean Free Path139

5．Consequences of Collisions145

6．Gaseous Discharges148

7．Townsend Discharge149

8．Breakdown152

9．Glow Discharge155

10．Arc Discharge160

Problems162

CHAPTER Ⅳ VACUUM TUBES164

Art．1．Characteristics of Thermionic Vacuum Diodes165

2．Maximum Ratings and Average Characteristics of Vacuum Tubes172

3．Control of Current in Vacuum Tubes by Means of Grids176

4．Approximate Analysis of Triode Current-Voltage Relations180

5．Characteristic Curves of Triodes187

6．Vacuum-Tube Coefficients192

7．Linear Analytical Approximations of Triode Characteristics198

8．Tetrodes200

9．Pentodes206

10．Beam Power Tubes212

11．Gated-Beam Tube214

12．Secondary-Emission Tubes217

13．Other Multi-electrode Vacuum Tubes218

14．Use of Vacuum Tubes at Very High Frequencies219

Problems226

CHAPTER Ⅴ GAS TUBES229

Art．1．Effect of Gas in a Thermionic Diode229

2．Gas Diodes with Thermionic Cathodes232

2a．Potential Distribution in a Gas Diode234

2b．Cathode Disintegration by Positive-Ion Bombardment236

2c．Emission Efficiency of the Cathode238

3．Effects of Gas Pressure on the Characteristics of a Gas Diode239

4．Tubes Comprising Mercury-Pool Cathodes244

4a．Mercury-Arc Rectifier247

4b．Excitron250

4c．Ignitron251

4d．Capacitron251

5．Effect of Gas in a Thermionic Triode252

6．Thyratrons258

6a．Grid Action before Starting260

6b．Starting Characteristics260

6c．Grid Action after Starting262

6d．Ionization and De-ionization Times266

6e．Thyratron Grids267

6f．Effects of Gas Pressure on the Characteristics of a Thyratron269

7．Permaron271

8．Cold-Cathode Tubes271

CHAPTER Ⅵ RECTIFIER CIRCUITS277

Art．1．Elementary Rectifier Theory278

2．Graphical Analysis of Rectifier Circuits280

3．Assumptions for Simplifying Analysis282

4．Vacuum-Type Rectifier with Resistance Load286

4a．Half-Wave Circuit288

4b．Full-Wave Circuit292

5．Gas-Type Rectifier with Resistance Load297

6．Battery-Charging Rectifiers302

7．Polyphase Rectifiers302

8．Bridge，or Double-Way，Rectifier Circuits312

9．Rectifiers with a Smoothing Capacitor316

10．Half-Wave Rectifier with Smoothing Inductor329

11．Voltage-Multiplying Rectifier Circuits334

12．Full-Wave Rectifier with Inductor-Input Filter337

13．Full-Wave Rectifier with Capacitor-Input Filter348

14．Voltage Stabilization by Gas-Discharge Tubes354

15．Electronic Voltage Stabilizers357

Problems359

CHAPTER Ⅶ CONTROLLED-RECTIFIER CIRCUITS365

Art．1．Critical-Grid-Voltage Curve366

2．Control by Direct Grid Voltage367

3．Control by Phase Shift of Alternating Grid Voltage372

4．Control by Magnitude of a Direct Grid Voltage Superposed on an Alternating Grid Voltage376

5．Control by Amplitude of an Alternating Voltage Superposed on a Lagging Grid Voltage377

6．Phase-Shifting Methods378

7．Ignitron Excitation Circuits382

Problems384

CHAPTER Ⅷ VACUUM TUBES AS LINEAR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS;CLASS A SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS390

Art．1．Basic Considerations390

2．Quiescent Operation;No Grid-Signal Voltage394

3．Quiescent Operation with a Cathode-Bias Resistor397

4．Operation with Grid-Signal Voltage in the Linear Region of the Characteristic Curves399

5．Incremental Equivalent Circuits for Linear Class A1 Operation405

6．Amplification，or Gain412

7．Voltage Amplification with Cathode Impedance416

8．Interelectrode Capacitances and Input Admittance419

9．Interelectrode Capacitances in Tetrode and Pentode Amplifiers425

10．Cathode Follower428

11．Grounded-Grid Amplifier435

12．Waveform Distortion in Amplifiers437

13．Waveform Distortion Due to Nonlinearity of the Tube Characteristics438

14．Power Output and Efficiency444

15．Maximum Power Sensitivity448

16．Maximum Power Output with a Prescribed Amount of Harmonic Generation and a Prescribed Quiescent Plate Voltage451

17．Output Transformer for Impedance Matching456

18．Shift of Dynamic Load Line with Average Plate Current458

19．Push-Pull Connection:Class A1460

19a．Determinatio of Quiescent Operating Point461

19b．Operation in a Linear Region462

19c．Operation over a Range Extending beyond the Linear Region465

20．Symbols for Vacuum-Tube Circuit Analysis476

Problems478

CHAPTER Ⅸ CASCADE AMPLIFIERS;CLASS A1487

Art．1．Frequency-Range Classification of Amplifiers487

2．Methods of representation of amplifier Characteristics491

3．Noise in Amplifiers494

4．Direct-Coupled Amplifiers499

5．Resistance-Capacitance-Coupled Amplifiers509

6．Inductance-Capacitance-Coupled Amplifiers529

7．Phase Inverters530

8．Amplifiers Coupled by Iron-Core Transformers533

9．Tuned Circuits in Amplifiers547

10．Tuned Voltage Amplifiers554

10a．Tuned-Plate Capacitance-Coupled Amplifier554

10b．Tuned-Secondary Transformer-Coupled Amplifier558

11．Compensated Broad-Band Amplifiers563

12．Feedback Amplifiers570

12a．General Theory570

12b．Stability in Feedback Amplifiers576

12c．Input and Output Impedances of Feedback Amplifiers585

12e．Shunt and Bridge Feedback589

12f．Feedback around Resistance-Capacitance-Coupled Amplifiers592

Problems600

CHAPTER Ⅹ AMPLIFIERS WITH OPERATION EXTENDING BEYOND THE LINEAR RANGE OF THE TUBE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES;CLASS AB，CLASS B，AND CLASS C AMPLIFIERS609

Art．1．Push-Pull Class AB Audio-Frequency Power Amplifiers610

2．Push-Pull Class B Audio-Frequency Power Amplifiers614

3．Tuned Class B Power Amplifiers619

4．Tuned Class C Power Amplifiers629

4a．Semi-graphical Analysis Suitable for Class B and Class C Amplifiers631

4b．Design Considerations for Class C Amplifiers638

4c．Methods of Obtaining Grid-Bias Voltage642

4d．Vector Diagram for the Tuned Amplifier643

5．Design Considerations for Tube-to-Load Coupling Networks644

Problems652

CHAPTER Ⅺ VACUUM-TUBE OSCILLATORS657

Art．1．Types of Oscillators658

2．Conditions for Self-excitation in Feedback Oscillators660

3．Conditions for Oscillation in the Tuned-Plate Oscillator664

4．Build-up of Grid-Bias Voltage in the Grid-Leak-and-Capacitor Circuit670

5．Design of the Tuned-Plate Oscillator672

6．Other Feedback-Oscillator Circuits678

7．Oscillation in Amplifiers681

8．Resistance-Capacitance Oscillators682

9．Negative-Transconductance Oscillator685

Problems685

CHAPTERⅫ MOCULATION AND DEMODULATION，OR DETECTION689

Art．1．The Modulation Process689

2．Type of Modulation691

3．Amplitude Modulation698

4．Plate Modulation of Class C Amplifiers705

5．Additional Methods for Linear Modulation of Class C Amplifiers713

6．Linear Detection715

7．Power-Series Representation of Nonlinear Functions725

8．Taylor-Series Representation of Nonlinear Functions730

9．Taylor-Series Representation of Triode Characteristics734

10．Square-Law Diode Modulation738

11．Possibilities for Square-Law Modulation with Triodes742

12．Van der Bijl Modulation744

13．Square-Law Detection with a Triode746

14．The Balanced Modulator750

15．Radio Communication753

16．Beat-Frequency，or Heterodyne，Oscillator754

17．Superheterodyne Receivers，Mixers，and Converters757

18．Frequency Modulation761

18a．Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation762

18b．Wide-Band Frequency Modulation764

18c．Frequency-Modulation Spectra766

18d．Interference767

Problems773

CHAPTER ⅫⅠ SEMICONDUCTOR RECTIFIERS AND TRANSISTORS778

Art．1．Conduction in Semiconductors778

2．Semiconductor Rectifiers780

3．Types of Transistors784

4．Characteristic Curves of Transistors788

5．Graphical Determination of Operating Points789

6．Transistor Coefficients and Incremental Equivalent Circuits798

7．Single-Stage Transistor Amplifiers803

8．Cascade Transistor Amplifiers811

9．transistor Performance Limitations814

10．Pulse，or Switching，Operation819

11．Transistor Oscillators825

Problems826

APPENDICES829

A．PHYSICAL CONSTANTS USEFUL IN ELECTRONICS829

B．UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS830

C．CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF REPRESENTATIVE ELECTRON TUBES832

D．ANSWERS TO REPRESENTATIVE PROBLEMS837

BIBLIOGRAPHY839

AUTHOR INDEX845

SUBJECT INDEX853