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Chapter Introduction1

1.1 The Subject Matter2

1.2 Approaches4

1.2.1 The Framework Approach in Legal Dogmatics4

1.2.2 Analysing Legal Discourses7

1.3 Structure10

PART I EXTERNAL RELATIONS AUTHORITY IN THE COMMUNITY AREA15

Chapter 2 The Dual Federal Perspective15

2.1 Mapping the Perspective15

2.2 Structure of Part Ⅰ18

Chapter 3 The Community’s Express External Relations Authority21

3.1 Introduction and Structure： The Case of the Common Commercial Policy22

3.1.1 The Growth of Express Treaty-Making Competences in the EC Treaty22

3.1.2 The Case of the Common Commercial Policy24

3.2 The EC Treaty： Objectives and Competence Conferral25

3.3 Four Basic Conceptions of the CCP28

3.3.1 Opinion 1/75： The State Analogy28

3.3.2 Opinion 1/78： Developments in International Trade Relations. Effects on the Common Market29

3.3.3 Opinion 1/94： The Structure of the EC Treaty34

3.3.4 In Sum40

3.4 The Four Conceptions at Work： The Method for Determining the Legal Basis of a Measure41

3.4.1 The ‘Essential Objective’ Doctrine41

3.4.2 A Case Study： CCP vis-a-vis Environmental Policy43

3.4.2.1 Chernobyl43

3.4.2.2 Cartagena Protocol44

3.4.2.3 The Energy Star Agreement46

3.4.2.4 The Rotterdam Convention48

3.5 Conclusions50

Chapter 4 The Community’s Implied External Relations Authority53

4.1 Introduction and Structure53

4.2 The AETR Principle： The Affect Ratio55

4.3 Opinion 1/76： The Necessity Ratio56

4.3.1 Establishing the ‘Necessity Ratio’： Opinion 1/7656

4.3.2 Necessity as Subsidiary （Complementary） Competence58

4.3.3 Necessity as Political Discretion： Parallelism59

4.3.4 Necessity as an Inextricable Linkage61

4.4 Concluding Remarks67

Chapter 5 Restraints on the Community’s Exercise of External Competence69

5.1 Introduction and Structure69

5.2 Community Objectives70

5.2.1 The Objective of Trade Liberalization71

5.2.2 The ‘Community Preference’73

5.3 General Rules and Principles of Community Law74

5.3.1 ‘Extension’ of Principles of Non-Discrimination75

5.3.2 A ‘Dedicated’ Restraint on the Community’s External Relations： The Principle of Autonomy79

5.3.2.1 Opinion 1/7680

5.3.2.2 The EEA Agreement Opinions82

5.3.2.3 Opinion 1/0085

5.3.2.4 In Sum87

5.4 Concluding Remarks89

Chapter 6 Exclusion of Member States’ External Competence91

6.1 Introduction and Structure91

6.2 Types of Exclusivity92

6.3 A Priori Exclusivity93

6.3.1 The Common Commercial Policy93

6.3.2 Fisheries Conservation Measures96

6.4 AETR Exclusivity97

6.4.1 Meaning and Rationale： The Affect Ratio97

6.4.2 The Scope of Application of AETR Exclusivity： The AETR Test101

6.4.2.1 The Scope of the Internal Community System101

6.4.2.2 When are Internal Community Measures‘Affected’？108

6.4.3 In Sum115

6.5 Opinion 1/76 and Exclusivity116

6.6 Exceptions to Exclusivity and Concluding Remarks119

6.6.1 Common Commercial Policy119

6.6.2 Fisheries Conservation121

6.6.3 The AETR Case122

6.7 Concluding Remarks - Bridging the Gap between Legal Language and Its Context122

Chapter 7 Restraints on Member States’ Exercise of External Competence125

7.1 Introduction and Structure125

7.2 ‘Extended’ Extensal Relations Restraints127

7.2.1 Extension of the Temporal Scope of the Duty of Loyal Co-operation， Article 10 EC128

7.2.2 Extension of Principles of Non-Discrimination131

7.3 A ‘Dedicated’ External Relations Restraint： Article 307（2）136

7.4 Concluding Observations144

Chapter 8 Mixed Agreements before the ECJ147

8.1 Introduction147

8.2 A Community Law Definition of Mixity149

8.3 Gradual Acceptance of Mixity Subject to the Duty of Close Co-operation153

8.3.1 Scepticism： Mixity is Incompatible with the Treaty153

8.3.2 Cautious Acceptance and Introduction of a Duty of Close Co-operation154

8.3.3 Full Acceptance and Reinforcement of the Duty of Close Co-operation156

8.4 Legal Obligations Derived from the Duty of Close Co-operation158

8.4.1 The Legal Basis， Scope and Nature of the Duty158

8.4.2 Legal Consequences at the Different Stages in the Life of a Mixed Agreement160

8.5 Concluding Remarks163

PART Ⅱ INTERNATIONAL LAW IN COMMUNITY LAW167

Chapter 9 The Community’s International Law Filter167

9.1 Mapping the Perspective167

9.2 Structure of Part Ⅱ - the European Community’s International Law Filter169

9.3 Segregation of Legal Orders： Distinguishability and Hierarchy172

Chapter 10 General Principles of Reception： Kupferberg and Racke177

10.1 The Community’s Responsibility under International Law177

10.1.1 International Agreements Concluded by the Community177

10.1.2 Other Instruments of International Law179

10.2 International Law Invalidated by Primary Community Law181

10.3 Conclusions183

Chapter 11 The Legal Consequence of Reception： The Requirement of Uniform Application185

11.1 Establishing the Requirement of Uniform Application185

11.2 The （Vertical） Limits of the Requirement of Uniform Application187

11.3 The Rationale for Uniform Application （Ⅰ）： The Two-fold Community Interest189

11.4 The Rationale for Uniform Application （Ⅱ）： Proper Compliance with International Obligations191

11.5 Conclusions193

Chapter 12 Reception of International Law （Ⅱ）： Alternatives195

12.1 Introduction195

12.2 Substitution and Delegation195

12.2.1 International Fruit： The Doctrine of Substitution195

12.2.2 Libor Cipra： The Doctrine of Delegation202

12.2.3 Concluding Remarks204

12.3 Mixity： The Community Sphere of Mixed Agreements205

12.3.1 Preliminary Rulings206

12.3.1.1 Demirel206

12.3.1.2 Hermes208

12.3.1.3 Dior/Assco213

12.3.2 Direct Actions219

12.3.2.1 The Berne Convention Case219

12.3.2.2 Etang de Berre222

12.3.2.3 MOX Plant224

12.3.3 Synthesis227

12.3.3.1 General Considerations228

12.3.3.2 General Principles230

Chapter 13 Conclusions to Chapters 10-12 and Introduction to Chapters 14-16235

13.1 Principles of Reception of International Law in Community Law235

13.2 The Legal Effects of International Law in Community Law239

Chapter 14 A Framework for Direct Invocability243

14.1 The Notion of Direct Invocability243

14.2 Direct Invocability of International Agreements245

14.2.1 Individuals Invoking International Agreements245

14.2.1.1 The General Conditions for Direct Effect245

14.2.1.2 Modifications？249

14.2.2 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements253

14.2.2.1 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements against Community Acts254

14.2.2.2 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements against Member State Acts259

14.3 Direct Invocability of Other Instruments of International Law263

14.4 A General Framework for Analysis of Direct Invocability269

Chapter 15 The Substantive Analysis of International Agreements’Direct Invocability273

15.1 The Agreement of the Parties274

15.2 The Purpose and Nature of Agreements275

15.2.1 The GATT and WTO Agreements276

15.2. 1.1 GATT 1947276

15.2.1.2 The WTO Agreements280

15.2.2 Other International Agreements288

15.2.2.1 ACP-EC Conventions288

15.2.2.2 Early European Association Agreements Envisaging Accession290

15.2.2.3 Free Trade Agreements etc. with European Countries292

15.2.2.4 Euro-Mediterranean Co-operation and Association Agreements295

15.2.2.5 The Europe Agreements296

15.2.2.6 Other Directly Invocable International Agreements297

15.2.3 Synthesis？298

Chapter 16 Other Effects of International Law305

16.1 Introduction305

16.2 Indirect Effects of Internation Law305

16.2.1 Introduction305

16.2.2 The External Duty of Constructive Interpretation306

16.2.2.1 A Dual Legal Basis307

16.2.2.2 Scope： Which Rules are Covered？309

16.2.2.3 Content： What Does the Duty Require？310

16.2.2.4 Concluding Remarks312

16.2.3 The Implementation Doctrines - Fediol and Nakajima313

16.2.3.1 Fediol： The ‘Express Reference’ Doctrine314

16.2.3.2 Nakajima： The Legislator’s Intent315

16.2.3.3 Unresolved Issues318

16.2.4 Concluding Remarks321

16.3 Community or Member State Liability for Breach of International Obligations322

16.3.1 Introduction322

16.3.2 Scope323

16.3.3 Content： The Three Conditions for Liability324

16.3.4 Non-Fault Liability - Compensation in the Absence of Unlawful Action332

16.3.5 Concluding Remarks334

16.4 Interpretative Techniques334

PART Ⅲ DOCTRINES AND DISCOURSES IN EC EXTERNAL RELATIONS LAW343

Chapter 17 Introduction343

Chapter 18 Social Constructivism and Discourse Analysis347

18.1 Law as a Social Construction347

18.2 The Role of Language in the Construction of Social Ontologies348

18.2.1 Structure and Change： Structuralism and Post-structuralism350

18.2.2 Structure and Agency （Discourse and Discursive Event）353

Chapter 19 Analytical Tools for a Discourse Analysis in EC External Relations Law357

19.1 Introduction357

19.2 The Level of Discourse： What is （in） a Discourse？360

19.2.1 Foucault： Rules for the Formation of Discourse362

19.2.2 Laclau & Mouffe： Competing Discourses and Floating Signifiers364

19.3 The Level of Discursive Event： Strategies to Construct or Deconstruct Discourses366

Chapter 20 Legal Discourses in EC External Relations369

20.1 Demarcating and Distinguishing369

20.1.1 EC External Relations Law as an ‘Order of Discourse’and ‘Legal Issues’ as Floating Signifiers370

20.1.2 Three Guiding Distinctions371

20.2 An Outline of Five Sub-Discourses in EC External Relations Law373

20.2.1 The Discourse of Internal Integration374

20.2.2 The Discourse of External Actorness377

20.2.3 The Discourse of International Co-operation381

20.2.4 The Discourse of Internal Constitutionality385

20.2.5 A Discourse of Individual Rights？388

20.2.6 Conclusions391

20.3 The Level of Discursive Event395

20.3.1 Discursive Struggles： Strategies to Strengthen or Dismantle Discourses395

20.3.2 Interdiscursivity： Mixing Discourses in Discursive Events398

Chapter21 Legal Analysis in EC External Relations Law401

21.1 Introduction401

21.2 The Janus Head of Dogmatic Legal Analysis： Flexibility Versus Rationalization403

21.3 Orthodox Legal Analysis407

21.4 EC External Relations Law and Its Contexts409

21.4.1 Law and Legal Reasoning as a Distinguishable Domain409

21.4.2 Interaction between Law and Context409

21.5 Coherence414

21.5.1 Coherence as an Ideal in Legal Reasoning414

21.5.2 Intra-Systemic Coherence418

21.5.3 Extra-Systemic Coherence420

21.6 Coherence in a Discursively Constructed Domain423

21.6.1 The Dogmatic Lawyer’s Dilemma423

21.6.2 Intra-Discursive and Inter-Discursive Coherence in Legal Reasoning424

Chapter 22 Analyzing the Direction and Reach of EC External Relations Law427

22.1 Introduction427

22.2 The Example of Direct Invocability of WTO428

22.2.1 A Discursive Divide on Direct Invocability： External Actorness vis-a-vis International Co-operation428

22.2.2 Alternative （I）： The Discourse of International Co-operation431

22.2.2.1 A Narrow Focus on WTO Law432

22.2.2.2 A Broader Focus on the WTO System433

22.2.3 Alternative （Ⅱ）： An Individual Rights Discourse438

22.2.3.1 The Intention of the WTO Members438

22.2.3.2 WTO Law from a Community Perspective438

22.3 Discursive Readings of Other Legal Issues441

22.4 Concluding remarks446

Chapter 23 Conclusions449

23.1 Legal Framework Analysis of the Vertical Aspects of EC External Relations Law450

23.2 Doctrines and Discourses in EC External Relations Law 452Table of Cases （Numerical）455

Bibliography467

Table of Abbreviations495

Index499